Abraham (or Abe) Rothschild (born 1853 in Cincinnati, Ohio) was the son of Meyer Rothschild, and related to the prominent European Rothschild banking family. He is known to history primarily for murdering Diamond Bessie Moore, a prostitute who was his lover and traveling companion (and possibly wife), in 1877 near Jefferson, Texas.

Abe Rothschild was handsome and capable in business as befitted his station in society, and for a time he worked as a traveling salesman for his father's prosperous jewelry business. His future looked bright. But his attraction to fast living and women soon led to alcoholism, and he became an embarrassment to his family, frequenting saloons and brothels with impunity.

He met Bessie Moore in a Hot Springs, Arkansas brothel in 1875, and the two were together until her death. It is thought he murdered her because she threatened to scandalize his family with the news of her impending pregnancy outside of marriage, but it is also possible he was motivated by greed for her large collection of diamond jewelry.

The evidence against Rothschild was virtually ironclad, but his conviction was reversed on appeal, and he was acquitted in a second trial in 1880. The decision outraged the community, and the feeling was he had simply managed to buy his freedom (no fewer than ten of the most expensive and prominent defense attorneys of the day represented him). After the acquittal he returned to Cincinnati and faded into obscurity.