Main Page | See live article | Alphabetical index In logic, the laws of bivalence, excluded middle, and non-contradiction are related, but not the same. This page discusses the differences. Table of contents 1 The laws 2 Bivalence is deepest 3 Why these distinctions might matter 3.1 Future contingents 3.2 Vagueness 4 External links The laws For any proposition P, at a given time, in a given respect, there are three related laws: Law of bivalence: The proposition is either true or false. Law of the excluded middle: (P or not-P) is true. Law of non-contradiction: (P and not-P) is false. Bivalence is deepest It is possible to state the laws of non-contradiction and the excluded middle in the formal manner of the traditional propositional calculus: Excluded middle: P ∨ ¬P Non-contradiction: ¬(P ∧ ¬P) In fact, with the law of bivalence taken for granted, the two other laws can be derived as theorems, using the rules of propositional calculus. It is, however, not possible to state the principle of bivalence in such a way, as the traditional propositional calculus just assumes sentences are true or false. Why these distinctions might matter These different principles are closely related, but there are certain cases where we might wish to affirm that they do not all go together. Specifically, the link between bivalence and the law of excluded middle is sometimes challenged. Future contingents A famous example is the contingent sea battle case found in Aristotle's work, De Interpretatione, chapter 9: Imagine P refers to the statement "There will be a sea battle tomorrow." The law of the excluded middle clearly holds: There will be a sea battle tomorrow, or there won't be. However, some philosophers wish to claim that P is neither true nor false today, since the matter has not been decided yet. So, they would say that the principle of bivalence does not hold in such a case: P is neither true nor false (yet). This view is controversial, however. Vagueness In fuzzy logic or other multi-valued logics dealing with vagueness, again it may be the case that (P or not-P) is true but P is not considered true or false. For example, suppose P is: Joe is bald. In this case, in multi-valued logics, this proposition may be given a truth value in between "true" or "false" (if Joe has a bit of hair, but not much). Nevertheless, under some such logics, the following statement may be considered true: Joe is bald, or Joe is not bald. So such logics reject bivalence, but maintain the law of the excluded middle. External links The distinction between the three laws is described by Douglas Groothuis, in the Philisophical Dictionary (here and here), and by Peter Suber. The latter also defines a Principle of Exclusive Disjunction for Contradictories which is the logical conjunction of the Law of excluded middle and the Law of non-contradiction. This article is from Wikipedia. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.