Émile Borel (1871-1956) was a French mathematician. Along with René Baire and Henri Lebesgue, he was among the pioneers of measure theory and its application to probability theory. The concept of a Borel set is named in his honor. One of his books on probability introduced the amusing thought experiment that entered popular culture under the name infinite monkey theorem or the like. He also published a number of research papers on game theory. In the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s he was active in politics, and during the Second World War he was a member of the Resistance.

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