The Flipped SU(5) model is a GUT theory which states that the gauge group is [ SU(5) x U(1) ]/ and the fermions form three families, each consisting of the representations , 10-1 and 1-5. This includes right-handed neutrinos, which are known to exist because of observed neutrino oscillations. There is also an adjoint scalar field, a 10-1 and/or called the Higgs field which acquires a VEV. This results in a spontaneous symmetry breaking from
- , , , .
Since the homotopy group
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