In this encyclopedia, following Japaneses terms are translated to English in such a way below.

(in no particular order)

  • 幕藩体制 - shogunate and domain system
  • 老中 -　senior councilors
  • 若年寄　- junior councilors
  • 町奉行　- commissioners of major cities
  • 勘定奉行　- commissioners of finance
  • 大目付 - inspectors general
  • 浮世絵　- ukiyoe wood block printing
  • 俳句　- haiku poems
  • 読み書きそろばん - the three R's
  • 鎖国政策 -　seclusion policy (isolation policy)
  • 国もと - province
  • 人質　- hostage
  • 譜代 -　family's vassals
  • 外様 - outside daimyo
  • 親藩 -　the Tokugawa family
  • 士農工商 - warriors/farmers/artisans/tradesmen
  • 石高 - Rice crop
  • 関が原の戦い -　the battle of Sekigahara
  • 明治維新 - the Meiji Restoration
  • 贈り名　- posthumous name
  • 文化勲章　- a Cultural Medal
  • 国務大臣　- the Ministers of State
  • 政令 - order
  • 華族　- the nobility
  • 八幡製鉄所　- Yawata Steel Works
  • 関東大震災 - Great Kanto Earthquake
  • 治安維持法　- Peace Preservation Law
  • 満州事変　- Manchurian Incident
  • 摂政　- regency (摂政 Regent)
  • 藤原氏　- Fuiwara clan
  • 雛人形　- hina dolls
  • 浄土宗　- the Pure Land sect
  • 郡 - district
  • 青色申告 - blue tax return
  • 青色事業専従者 - dependents of a taxpayer submitting a blue tax return
  • 赤字原因 - cause of deficit
  • 赤字鉄道路線 - deficit-ridden railway line
  • 赤字国債 - a national deficit loan
  • 赤字財政 - deficit finance
  • 赤字団体 - local governments with financial deficit
  • 赤字公債 - deficit bond; deficit-covering national bond
  • 赤字バス路線 - deficit-ridden bus route
  • 赤字予算 - deficit budget
  • 赤字路線 - deficit-ridden transport line
  • 明るく正しい選挙の推進 - promotion of fair election
  • 悪臭対策 - preventive measures against unpleasant odors
  • アクセス道路 - access road
  • 字 - aza; village or town section in the Japanese addressing system(H)
  • 圧縮記帳 - advanced depreciation
  • 斡旋 - conciliation; arbitration; negotiation
  • 圧力団体 - pressure group; Special interest group
  • 奄美群島振興開発事業 - Amami Islands Development Project
  • 安全衛生管理者 - safety and sanitation manager
  • 安全管理 - safety control; safety management
  • 安全厚生推進室 - Safety and Health office
  • アンダーパー発行 - issue at under par value
  • 安全地帯 - safety zone; safety island; traffic island
  • 委員会制度 - committee system
  • 育英資金 - student awards; student grants;(scholarship: fellowship)
  • 育児休業手当金 - childcare non-work allowance
  • 育児休業法 - Law for the Right to Take Leave from Post for Infant Rearing
  • 違憲立法審査権 - judicial review of legislative constitutionality

External Links