Aswan is a settlement on the first cataract of the Nile in Egypt. Two dams straddle the river at this point: the newer Aswan High Dam, and the older, smaller Aswan Dam or Aswan Low Dam.

Every year, the Nile floods in the summer. These floods brought nutrients and mineral that made the soil around the Nile so fertile-so ideal for farming. If it was a high-water year, the whole crop may be entirely wiped out, however. These floods were so very unpredictable that it was considered necessary to build a dam to control them..

The Nile is subject to an annual summer flood as waters from Ethiopia flow down the river. The banks of the river have been used in agriculture since antiquity and rely on the flood to provide and maintain fertility. As the population along the river grew there came the need to control the flood waters to protect farmland and cotton fields. The British began construction of the first dam in 1899 and it was completed in 1902. A gravity dam, it was 1,900 m long and 54 m high. The initial design was soon found to be inadequate and the height of the dam was raised in two phases, 1907-1912 and 1929-1933.


Aswan Low Dam
When the dam almost overflowed in 1946 it was decided that rather than raise the dam a third time a second dam would be built 6 km up-river. Proper planning began in 1952, just after the Nasser revolution, and at first the US was to help finance contruction with a loan of $270 million. The aid offer was withdrawn in mid-1956. The Egyptian government intended to continue the project alone and use the revenues of the Suez Canal to help pay for construction. But in the Cold War struggle for influence in Africa the Soviet Union stepped in in 1958 and possibly a third the cost of the dam was paid for as a gift. They also provided technicians and heavy machinery. The enormous rock and clay dam was designed by the Russian Zuk Hydroproject Institute.

Construction began in 1960. The High Dam, El Saad al Aali, was completed on July 21, 1970 with the first stage finished in 1964. The reservoir began filling in 1964 while the dam was still under construction and first reached capacity in 1976. The reservoir raised concerns from archaeologists and a rescue operation was begun in 1960 under UNESCO. Sites were surveyed and excavated and 24 major monuments were moved. See Abu Simbel.


Aswan High Dam, seen from atop the Soviet-Egyptian Friendship Monument.
The Aswan High Dam is 3,600 m long, 980 m wide at the base, 40 m wide at the crest and 111 m tall. It contains 43 million m³ of material. At maximum, 11,000 m³ of water can pass through the dam every second. There are further emergency spillways for an extra 5000 m³ per second and the Toshka canal links the reservoir to the Toshka depression. The reservoir, named Lake Nasser, is 480 km long and 16 km at its widest with a surface area of 6,000 km² and holds 150 to 165 thousand million cubic meters, 137 million acre-feet of water. It flooded much of lower Nubia and over 90,000 people were displaced. With hydroelectric output of 2.1 gigawatts, the dam holds twelve generators each rated at 175 megawatts. Power generation began in 1967. When the dam first reached peak output it produced around half of Egypt's entire electricity production (about 15% by 1998). The effects of dangerous floods in 1964 and 1973 and of threatening droughts in 1972-73 and 1983-84 were mitigated.

In addition to the benefits, however, damming the Nile caused a number of environmental issues. The silt which made the Nile region fertile is instead held at the dam, leading to (expected) silting of the reservoir, which will eventually render Lake Nasser useless for water storage volume. There is some erosion of farmland down-river. Erosion of coastline barriers, due to lack of new sediments from floods, will eventually cause loss of the brackish water lake fishery that is currently the largest source of fish for Egypt, and the subsidence of the Nile Delta will lead to inundation of northern portion of the Delta with seawater, in areas which are now used for rice crops. The need to use artificial fertilizers supplied by international corporations is controversial too. Indifferent irrigation control has also caused some farmland to be damaged by waterlogging and increased salinity, a problem complicated by the reduced flow of the river, which allows salt water further into the delta. Mediterranean fish stocks are also impacted by the dam. The eastern basin of the Mediterranean is low in fertility, and traditionally the marine ecosystem dependended on the rich flow of phosphate and silicates from the Nile outflow. Mediterranean catches decreased by almost half after the dam was constructed, but appear to be recovering. A new fishing industry has been created around Lake Nasser. The dam has been implicated in a rise in cases of schistosomiasis and (bilharzia).

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