Main Page | See live article | Alphabetical index Louisiana (In Detail) (Full size) State nickname: Pelican State Other U.S. States Capital Baton Rouge Largest City New Orleans Area  - Total  - Land  - Water  - % water Ranked 31st 134,382 km² 112,927 km² 21,455 km² 16% Population  - Total (2000)  - Density Ranked 22nd 4,468,976 33/km² Admittance into Union  - Order  - Date 18th April 30, 1812 Time zone Central: UTC-6/-5 Latitude Longitude 29°N to 33°N 89°W to 94°W Width Length Elevation  -Highest  -Mean  -Lowest 210 km 610 km   163 meters 30 meters -2.5 meters ISO 3166-2: US-LA Louisiana State Quarter (reverse) Louisiana is a southern state of the United States of America. It uses the U.S. postal abbreviation LA. Louisiana is bordered to the west by the state of Texas, to the north by Arkansas, to the east by the state of Mississippi, and to the south by the Gulf of Mexico. Table of contents 1 History 2 Law and Government 3 Geography 4 Economy 5 Demographics 6 Important Cities and Towns 7 Education 7.1 Colleges and Universities 8 Professional Sports Teams 9 Miscellaneous Information 10 Disambiguation 11 External Links History Louisiana was long inhabited by Native American tribes before the arrival of Europeans. The lasting mark of the Native Americans can be seen even today in the names used in Louisiana, such as Atchafalaya, Natchitouches (now spelled Natchitoches), Caddo, Houma, Tangipahoa, and Avoyel (Avoyelles Parish). What follows is a partial list, using current parish boundaries as rough approximations of locations. The Atakapa were found in southwestern Louisiana in the parishes of Vermilion, Cameron, Lafayette, Acadia, Jefferson Davis, and Calcasieu. The Chitimachas occupied the southeastern parishes of Iberia, Assumption, St Mary, Lower St. Martin, Terrebone, LaFourche, St. James, St. John the Baptist, St. Charles, Jefferson, Orleans, St. Bernard, and Plaquemines. The Bayougoula, part of the Choctaw nation, were found in points directly north of the Chitimachas, in the parishes of St. Helena, Tangipahoa, Washington, East and West Baton Rouge, Livingston, and St. Tammany. The Houma tribe, was found in East and West Feliciana, and Pointe Coupee parishes; Ironically about 100 miles north of current location of the town named after them. Portions of Avoyelles and Concordia parishes along the Mississippi River were home to the Avoyel, part of the Natchez nation. The northeastern parishes of Tensas, Madison, and East and West Carroll were occupied by the Tunica tribe. The remainder of current day central and north Louisiana was home to a substantial portion of the Caddo nation. Source: Sturdevent, William C. (1967). Early Indian Tribes, Cultures, and Linguistic Stocks, Smithsonian Institution Map (Eastern United States) The first European explorers to visit what is now Louisiana was a Spanish expedition in 1528 led by Panfilo de Navaez which located the mouth of the Mississippi River. Some 13 years later Hernando de Soto's expedition crossed through the region. Thereafter the region was long neglected by the Spanish authorities, and the next explorers were French. Louisiana was named by the French explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle in honour of Louis XIV in 1682. The first permanent settlement was founded by Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville in 1699. The French colony of Louisiana originally claimed a great region of land on both sides of the Mississippi River and north to Canada. Most of the settlement concentrated along the banks of the Mississippi and its major tributaries, with little European settlement north of present-day Saint Louis, Missouri other than fur-trappers and small trading posts. See also: French colonization of the Americas Initially Biloxi, Mississippi functioned as the capital city of the colony; from 1722 on New Orleans fulfilled that role. Most of the territory to the east of the Mississippi was lost to Great Britain in the French and Indian War, except for the area around New Orleans and the parishes around Lake Pontchartrain. The rest of Louisiana became a colony of Spain by the Treaty of Fountainebleau of 1762. In 1800 France's Napoleon Bonaparte re-acquired Louisiana from Spain in the Treaty of San Ildefonse, although this was kept secret for some two years. In 1803 the United States of America purchased the Louisiana territory from the French Republic. See: Louisiana Purchase The southern portion of the Louisiana Territory was granted statehood within the USA in 1812. There are still remnants of its former status as a possession of France, including: the use of a civil law legal system, the Napoleonic Code (like France, and unlike the rest of the United States, which uses a common law legal system derived from England), the term "parishes" being used to describe the state's sub-divisions as opposed to "counties", French as an official language (the only state that has French as an official language), etc. In 1849 the capital moved from New Orleans to Baton Rouge. Donaldsonville, Opelousas, and Shreveport have also briefly served as the seat of governments of Louisiana. In the American Civil War Louisiana seceded from the Union on January 26, 1861. New Orleans was captured by Federal troops on April 25, 1862. As some portion of the population had Union sympathies, unusually the portions of Lousiana under Federal control were recognized as a state within the Union and elected representatives who were sent to the congress in Washington, D.C through the rest of the war. Law and Government The capital of Louisiana is Baton Rouge. Its governor is Kathleen Blanco and its two U.S. senators are John B. Breaux and Mary Landrieu (all Democrats). Louisiana is the only state whose legal system is based on Roman civil law as opposed to British common law. Technically, it is known as "Code Napoleon" or The Napoleonic Code. It is simply the aforementioned Roman civil law in written form, in order to be applied uniformly, and understood by everyone. The differences between the Napoleonic Code and the laws of the rest of the United States are academic after all of this time. Commercial laws have been updated to reflect laws in other states, as well as federal law. Civil matters retain a bit more of Naploeon's influence, but are nearly in line with most other states. See:List of Louisiana Governors, Napoleon Bonaparte Geography See List of Louisiana parishes The Mississippi River empties out of the southern portion of the state into the Gulf of Mexico. Economy The total gross state product in 1999 for Louisiana was $129 billion, placing it 24th in the nation. Its Per Capita Personal Income was $23,334, 45th in the nation. The state's principal agricultural outputs include seafood, cotton, soybeans, cattle, sugarcane, poultry and eggs ,dairy products, and rice. Its industrial outputs include chemical products, petroleum and coal products, food processing, transportation equipment, paper products, and tourism. Demographics As of 2000, the state's population was 4,468,976. See also: List of famous people from Louisiana, Music of Louisiana Important Cities and Towns New Orleans Baton Rouge Shreveport Metairie Lake Charles Lafayette Covington Alexandria Slidell Ruston Education Colleges and Universities Centenary College of Louisiana Dillard University Grambling State University Louisiana College Louisiana State University System Louisiana State University at Alexandria Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge Louisiana State University at Eunice Louisiana State University at Shreveport Louisiana Tech University Loyola University New Orleans McNeese State University Nicholls State University Northwestern State University of Louisiana Our Lady of Holy Cross College Our Lady of the Lake College Southeastern Louisiana University Southern University System Southern University Baton Rouge Southern University New Orleans Tulane University University of Louisiana System University of Louisiana at Monroe University of Louisiana at Lafayette University of New Orleans Xavier University of Louisiana Professional Sports Teams Football National Football League New Orleans Saints Arena Football League New Orleans VooDoo Other Football leagues New Orleans Spice - NWFL Shreveport Bombers - IPFL Louisiana Bayou Beast - IPFL Bossier City Battle Wings - AF2 Semi-Pro Football Teams Baton Rouge Riverboat Bandits - SAFL Lake Charles RiverKats - SAFL Minden RoughRiders - SAFL Lafayette Bayou Bulls - SAFL Ruston Rage - SAFL Shreveport Steamers - SAFL Greater New Orleans Gladiators - SAFL Hammond Headhunters - SAFL Louisiana (Houma) Blazing Bulldogs - SAFL Central Louisiana Warriors - SAFL Slidell Steelsharks - SAFL Baseball Minor League baseball teams New Orleans Zephyrs Shreveport Sports Alexandria Aces Baton Rouge River Bats Houma Hawks New Orleans Pelicans (1887-1959) New Orleans Creoles (Negro League) (dates?) Basketball National Basketball Association: New Orleans Jazz (1974) team moved to Salt Lake City and became the Utah Jazz in 1979 The Charlotte Hornets moved to New Orleans in 2002 - Now known as The New Orleans Hornets. Hockey Minor League Hockey Louisiana IceGators - ECHL Bossier-Shreveport Mudbugs - CHL Related Links: Superdome; Football; Baseball; Basketball; Hockey Miscellaneous Information State dog : Catahoula Leopard Dog State bird : Eastern Brown Pelican State flower: Magnolia State tree : Bald Cypress State mammal : Louisiana Black Bear State wild flower : Louisiana Iris State reptile : American Alligator State insect: Honeybee State crustacean : Crawfish State amphibian: Green Tree Frog State songs: You Are My Sunshine, Every Man a King, and Give Me Louisiana Two separate historically Francophone communities exist in Louisiana. The ancestors of Creoles generally came to Louisiana directly from France or from the French colonies in the Caribbean and settled in New Orleans or in South Eastern Louisiana. The ancestors of the Cajuns are the Acadians, a French-descended people of what are now New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Canada. When the British won the French and Indian War, the British forced all of the citizens to take a pledge of allegiance. Most Acadians declined and emigrated from Canada, most of them fleeing to the South Western portion of Louisiana, centered in the region around Lafayette. For almost 20 years there was only one amusement park in Louisiana, and it was called Hamel's Amusement Park. Disambiguation There is also a place named Louisiana in the State of Missouri: see Louisiana, Missouri. USS Louisiana was named in honor of this state. External Links Official State of Louisiana website This article is from Wikipedia. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.