The term non compos mentis comes from Latin, non meaning "not," compos meaning "in control," and mentis, genitive singular of mens, mind. and means not having a sound mind; not sane. (See also compos mentis, the antonym.)

This is rarely used in its opposite form, compos mentis, that is, having control of one's faculties. Usually one hears a phrase such as "It was determined that the criminal was non compos mentis" (i.e., insane, not fit to stand trial); one might sometimes say the criminal was compos mentis, i.e., the criminal had full knowledge of his/her actions and is competent to stand trial.

It is typically a legal term, but (in the slang of the United States at least) one often hears phrases such as, "That friend of yours was non compos mentis after getting fired."

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